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Genomic Landscapes

The genome encodes the complete set of instructions for an organism. High-quality genomic analysis reveals gene families, regulatory elements, and structural variants.

Genome sequencing technologies (NGS, long-read sequencing): Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows high-throughput, short-read sequencing for variant detection. Long-read technologies like PacBio or Oxford Nanopore provide better resolution for complex regions, such as repeats and structural variants..

Structural variations and chromosomal architecture: Structural variations include deletions, insertions, inversions, and translocations that can disrupt genes or regulation. Chromosomal architecture involves topologically associating domains (TADs) that organize gene expression spatially. 

Non-coding DNA and regulatory regions: Non-coding DNA comprises enhancers, promoters, and insulators that control gene activity. These regions, once called "junk DNA," are vital for development and disease susceptibility.